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Place of articulation
Articulation is a clear way of pronouncing words. So, the title of our paper we will explain about the part where the voice was coming, maybe the title of our paper can be interpreted as "Makharijul huruf" (in Arabic).
Sounds in a language are produced differently. Those difference based on the place of articulation in which sounds are produced. In articulacy phonetics, the place of articulation which is also called point of articulation of a consonant is the point of contact, where an obstruction occurs in the vocal track between an active articulator and a passive articulator.
In English, the consonant can be classified according to places of articulation. Thos places of articulation are described as follows:
1. Bilabial. (Pertemuan dua bibir)
Bilabial are produced with both lips. There are four different sounds may be produced in this place. Say the word pin, bin, my, and why. The initial sounds of those word (/p/, /b/, /m/ and, /w/).
a. The /p/ and /b/ sounds
These sounds are produced by bringing the two lips together. Therefore, they are called bilabial sounds.
| Paper | Bed | Rib |
| Report | Rubbish | Cap |
| Map | Rub | Cab |
| Club | Tap | Tab |
b. The /m/ sounds
This sound is also produced by bringing the two lips together. But the way of producing it is different with the /p/ and /b/ sounds. /m/ is produced with the soft palate is raised.
| Meet | Remind | Came |
| Mean | Coming | Seem |
c. The /w/ sound
The way to produce this consonant also different with the other bilabial sounds.
| Wet | Sweet | Quite |
| White | Swim | Quiet |
2. Labiodental (Bibir dan gigi atas depan)
The lower lip makes contact with the upper front teeth. There are two sounds that may be produced in this place. Say the words: feel, veal. The initial sounds of the word are made rising the lower lip until it nearly touches the upper front teeth. They also differentiate the meanings of the word. /f/ is voiceless and /v/ is a voiced one.
| Feel | Veal | Suffer | Cover |
| File | Vile | Deafer | Never |
| Fail | Veil | Defied | Divide |
| Fan | Van | Refuse | Reviews |
3. Dental (Ujung lidah dengan gigi atas depan)
Made with the tongue tip or the blade of tongue and the upper front teeth. There are two sounds that may be produced in this place: say the word think, they. The initial sounds of the word are made with the tongue tip closing behind the upper front teeth.
a. The /θ/ and /Ơ/
Figure above indicates the process of producing the /θ/ and /Ơ/ sounds. It is narrowing at the tip of tongue and the upper front teeth. These voices cannot be found Indonesian, so the Indonesian speakers should practice pronouncing this sounds.
| Thank | Earthy | Those |
| Think | Author | These |
| Thing | Nothing | That |
4. Alveolar (Ujung lidah dengan )
These sounds evolve the tip or blade of the tongue and alveolar ridge. These are five sounds that are produced in this place say the words such as too, do, noon, seal, zeal, /t/, /d/, /n/, /s/, and /z/ are pronounced at the tip of tongue or blade of tongue and the alveolar ridge.
a. The /t/ and /d/ sounds
These sounds are different with other alveolar sound. These are produced with pressing the tip tongue and the alveolar ridge for a short time, and the soft palate is raised, so the air escaped through the mouth. When the tip of the tongue is lowered from the teeth, the breath goes out with a slight expression.
| Town | Water | Do |
| Ten | Writer | Done |
| Ton | Letter | Down |
| Twin | Waiting | Die |
b. The /n/ sound
In the case of /n/, it is also different with the other alveolar sounds. It produced with the soft palate is down, so the air goes thought the nose.
| Neck | Money | One |
| Nine | Knew | Night |
| Know | Noon | Sin |
c. The /s/ and /z/ sounds.
These sounds are also produced at the alveolar. But the way to articulate them is not the same with the other alveolar sounds. These are produced with pressing the tip and tongue and the alveolar ridge for a short time and the soft palate is raised.
| Town | Water | Do |
| Ten | Writer | Done |
| Ton | Letter | Down |
d. The /s/ and /z/ sounds.
Those sound are also produced at the alveolar, but the to articulate them are not the same with the other alveolar sound, such as/t/,/d/, and /n/. they are friction consonant. /s/ is voiceless and /z/ is a voiced one
| See | Looser | Zinc |
| Sea | Lacy | Lazy |
| Say | Racing | His |
| Speak | Hearse | Zoo |
| Study | Bus | Play |
e. The /i/ sound
This sound is also produced at the tongue tip and the alveolar ridge. It obstructing the centre of the mouth when this sound is produced, the palates is raised, so that the air passes between the sides of tongue and palate.
| Letter | Ruler | Ill |
| Like | Feeling | Kill |
| Late | Called | Sell |
5. Palato alveolar/ postalveolar
These sounds involve the tongue tip or blade and the back of the alveolar ridge. The tongue is raised towards the alveolar ridge and the front of the hard palate. There are five sounds produced in this place. Say the word such as: sheep, she, beige, child, judge, red.
| Shirt | Wishes | Measure |
| Sharp | Finish | Rouge |
| She | Wash | Beige |
a. The /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ sounds.
This pair of sounds is related to both alveolar and valato-alveolar sounds (/t/, /d/ and /tʃ/, /dʒ/. These sounds are produced at the tongue tip and the back of alveolar ridge.
| Choose | Teacher | Joke |
| Child | Catching | Job |
| Cheese | Fetch | Judge |
b. The /r/ sound
When this consonant is produced, the blade of tongue and the back of the alveolar ridge are close together, but they do not make friction.
| Reason | Very | Through |
| Roof | Cream | Tree |
| Rich | Bread | During |
6. Palatal
Made with the front tongue and the hard palate. There is only one sound produced in this place. Say the word such as you. You should be able to feel that the front of tongue is raised toward the hard palate
a. The /j/ sound.
There is only one palatal sound in Indonesian. It is produced at the front tongue and the hard palate
| Young | Pure | Tune |
| Use | View | Due |
7. Velar
Made with back of tongue and the soft palate. There are three sounds produced in this place. Say the word such as: book, hag, sing. The last sound of the word /k/, /g/, and /n/ are made with the back of tongue is raised to touch the velum or the soft palate.
a. The /k/ and /g/ sounds
It is very clear that when we produce the /k/ and /g/ sounds, the back of tongue is very closed to the soft palate so that the air stream is obstructed for a short time.
| Cave | Talking | Gave |
| Class | Digging | Gap |
| Kite | Market | Doq |
b. The /ŋ/ sound
This sound has different manner of articulation with the other velar nasal such /k/ and /g/ therefore that also called velar, because the sound is produced at back of tongue and the soft palate.
| Sing | Angkle | Thing |
| Song | Angry | Hang |
| Thank | Finger | Long |
8. Glotal
This sound is produced by passing the breath between the open vocal cords. It alaways occurs befor a vowel and never occurs in the last position of a word.
| Half | Behind |
| Heel | Rehearse |
| Habit | Alcohol |
| Hand | Rehabilatate |
| Happy | Anyhow |
| Happen | Greenhouse |
| Head | Inhale |
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